[!TIP] Mnemonic: Seeing gum hyperplasia should make you PANiC
Panic if you see gum hyperplasia
- Phenytoin
- AML <- "rapidly forming gingival hyperplasia is usually the first sign of this disease" Source
- Nifedipine
- Ciclosporin
Current standard chemotherapy regimens cure only a minority of patients with AML.
Source
Most young patients should be considered for allogenic stem cell transplantation.
Note: Dead space is NOT a cause for hypoxaemia
: DH-DLS
| purpura - | purpura + (with normal PLT count) | purpura - | purpura of lower extremities |
[!INFO] Types of biomarkers
Don't confuse the different types of biomarkers used in MI.
[!INFO] Key points for exams:
- myoglobin is the first to rise
- CK-MB is useful to look for reinfarction as it returns to normal after 2-3 days (troponin T remains elevated for up to 10 days)
- Troponin levels rise within two to three hours of the onset of chest pain Source
The skeletal and cardiac isoforms of TnT (troponin T) and TnI (troponin I) are distinct. <- that's what's measured in MI.
cTnT = "cardiac troponin T"
skTnI = "skeletal troponin I"
Data suggest that brief periods of ischemia, sudden increases in preload, and physiological challenges like tachycardia and catecholamines can lead to the release of cTn.
4. Pulmonary embolism / pulmonary disease <- caused by right heart strain
Management: intravenous alpha1-antitrypsin protein concentrates + smoking cessation, supportive bronchodilators etc .
Source <- Dynamic air trapping in COPD.